系统工程与电子技术 ›› 2026, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (6): 2000-2013.doi: 10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2026.06.21

• 系统工程 • 上一篇    下一篇

基于分层STPA-MC的无人机智能避让适航安全风险评估

马赞1,2(), 刘禹彬2,4, 白杰2,*, 陈勇3, 孙淑光4   

  1. 1. 中国民航大学安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
    2. 中国民航大学民用航空器适航审定技术重点实验室,天津 300300
    3. 中国商飞上海飞机设计研究院,上海 200216
    4. 中国民航大学电子信息与自动化学院,天津 300300
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18 修回日期:2025-07-10 出版日期:2026-06-25 发布日期:2026-01-24
  • 通讯作者: 白杰 E-mail:mazan_84@163.com
  • 作者简介:马 赞(1984—),男,副研究员,博士研究生,主要研究方向为民机系统工程、机载系统安全性设计与评估
    刘禹彬(2000—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为人工智能系统安全性设计及评估
    陈 勇(1967—),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要研究方向为民用飞机总体和航电系统设计研究
    孙淑光(1970—),女,教授,硕士,主要研究方向为民航导航新技术、机载电子系统故障诊断
  • 基金资助:
    中央高校基金(XJ2021004301)资助课题

Intelligent avoidance airworthiness safety risk assessment of unmanned aerial vehicle based on hierarchical STPA-MC

Zan MA1,2(), Yubin LIU2,4, Jie BAI2,*, Yong CHEN3, Shuguang SUN4   

  1. 1. College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
    2. Key Laboratory of Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Certification Technology,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
    3. COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Design & Research Institute,Shanghai 200216,China
    4. College of Electronic Information and Automation,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • Received:2025-03-18 Revised:2025-07-10 Online:2026-06-25 Published:2026-01-24
  • Contact: Jie BAI E-mail:mazan_84@163.com

摘要:

针对深度强化学习(deep reinforcement learning, DRL)在无人机避让系统中应用所造成的安全风险,将系统论、控制论、安全性分析及模拟仿真结合,提出一种基于分层系统理论过程分析?蒙特卡罗(systems-theoretic process analysis-Monte Carlo,STPA-MC)的智能避让安全风险识别及评估方法。首先,面向复杂智能系统安全性需求捕获不足的问题,基于STPA,解耦智能避障系统架构及DRL模型构建,除在系统层级分析失效风险及防护外,也基于DRL模型开发过程评估失效致因场景,并建立层级间安全危害影响追溯。其次,面向关键安全指标量化问题,采用MC方法评估软演员评论家智能算法对适航标准的符合性,分析不同因素的安全影响,衍生定量需求。实验表明为满足适航要求,感知距离需要大于445 m,测距误差标准差要小于0.43 m。研究成果可为无人机智能避让适航标准的制定提供理论支持。

关键词: 分层系统理论过程分析, 智能避让, 深度强化学习, 适航安全, 蒙特卡罗

Abstract:

Aiming at the safety risks caused by the application of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in the unmanned aerial vehicle avoidance system, combined systems theory, control theory, safety analysis and simulation, a safety risk identification and assessment method for intelligent avoidance based on hierarchical systems-theoretic process analysis-Monte Carlo (STPA-MC) is proposed. Firstly, in view of the problem of insufficient capture of safety requirements of complex intelligent systems, based on STPA, the intelligent obstacle avoidance system architecture and DRL model construction are decoupled. In addition to analyzing failure risks and protection at the system level, the failure cause scenarios are also evaluated based on the DRL model development process, and the safety hazard impact traceability between levels is established. Secondly, in view of the quantification of key safety indicators, the MC method is used to evaluate the compliance of the soft actor critic intelligent algorithm with the airworthiness standards, analyze the safety impact of different factors, and derive quantitative requirements. Experiments show that in order to meet the airworthiness requirements, the perception distance needs to be greater than 445 m, and the standard deviation of the ranging error should be less than 0.43 m. The research results can provide theoretical support for the formulation of airworthiness standards for unmanned aerial vehicle intelligent avoidance.

Key words: hierarchical systems-theoretic process analysis (STPA), intelligent avoidance, deep reinforcement learning (DRL), airworthiness safety, Monte Carlo (MC)

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