考虑轨道机动的多星协同对地观测链生成方法

doi:10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2026.11.30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

某些对地应急观测任务中，需要多颗、多类型的卫星即时、持续地观测，形成一条观测窗口链，以更好地支持 “观测-判断-决策-行动”闭环回路。通过卫星轨道机动的方式调整观测窗口，可在短时间内增加满足时序约束的观测窗口链数量。以轨道机动时刻、大小为优化变量，以轨道机动总成本和观测窗口链总数为目标函数，采用多目标遗传算法求解。结果表明，以平均每颗卫星3 m/s的速度增量，可在12 h内使80颗卫星组合的观测窗口链数量从5条提升到29条，且随着任务时间、窗口间隔时间、速度增量和卫星规模的增大，提升效果将进一步增加，通过轨道机动生成对地观测链的方法有效。

关键词: 对地观测, 轨道机动, 观测窗口链, 多星协同, 任务规划

Abstract:

In some emergency Earth observation missions, multiple and various types of satellites are required to conduct real-time and continuous observations, forming an observation window chain to better support the “observation-orientation-decision-action” closed loop. By adjusting the observation window through satellite orbital maneuvering, the number of observation window chains that meet the temporal constraints can be increased in a short period of time. Taking the orbital maneuvering time and size as the optimization variables, and the total cost of orbital maneuvering and the total number of observation window chains as the objective functions, the multi-objective genetic algorithm is adopted for solution. The results show that with an average speed increment of 3 m/s per satellite, the number of observation window chains of 80 satellite combinations can be increased from 5 to 29 within 12 h. Moreover, with the increase of mission time, window interval time, speed increment and satellite scale, the improvement effect will be further enhanced. The method of generating Earth observation chains through orbital maneuvers is effective.

Key words: Earth observation, orbital maneuvering, observation window chain, multi-satellite collaboration, mission planning

中图分类号:

V 474.2

陈渊, 秦垚, 敬丹, 张进. 考虑轨道机动的多星协同对地观测链生成方法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2026, 48(11): 4008-4016.

Yuan Chen, Yao Qin, Dan Jing, Jin ZHANG. Multi-satellite cooperative Earth observation link generation method considering orbital maneuvering[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2026, 48(11): 4008-4016.

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属性	内容
左右侧摆角范围/（°）	[−45，45]
仿真步长/s	5
单次机动约束/（m/s）	15
卫星轨道偏心率	0.001
卫星轨道倾角/（°）	50

卫星	类型	轨道高度/km	卫星数量/颗
${{\text{S}}^{\text{E}}}$	宽幅电子卫星	1 500	10
${{\text{S}}^{\text{L}}}$	宽幅光学卫星	800	10
${{\text{S}}^{\text{H}}}$	高分辨率光学卫星	500	30
${{\text{S}}^{\text{S}}}$	SAR卫星	600	30

序号	顶点经纬度列表/（°）	面积/km²
1	（120.82, 25.80）, （121.75, 25.80）, （121.75, 24.65）, （121.82, 24.65）	11 962.56
2	（−81.50, 26.00）, （−80.00, 26.00）, （−80.00, 24.85）, （−81.50, 24.85）	19 262.91

类型	卫星1	时间间隔/s	卫星2	时间间隔/s	卫星3
1	${{\text{S}}^{\text{E}}}$	[60, 1 200]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{H}}}$	[0, 600]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{S}}}$
2	${{\text{S}}^{\text{E}}}$	[60, 1 200]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{S}}}$	[0, 600]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{H}}}$
3	${{\text{S}}^{\text{E}}}$	[60, 1 200]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{L}}}$	[0, 600]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{H}}}$
4	${{\text{S}}^{\text{E}}}$	[60, 1 200]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{L}}}$	[0, 600]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{S}}}$
5	${{\text{S}}^{\text{L}}}$	[60, 1 200]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{H}}}$	[0, 600]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{S}}}$
6	${{\text{S}}^{\text{L}}}$	[60, 1 200]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{S}}}$	[0, 600]	${{\text{S}}^{\text{H}}}$

时序约束类型	第1个卫星的观测窗口			第2个卫星的观测窗口			第3个卫星的观测窗口
时序约束类型	卫星编号	开始时刻/s	结束时刻/s	卫星编号	开始时刻/s	结束时刻/s	卫星编号	开始时刻/s	结束时刻/s
1	48	41 270	41 650	54	42 004	42 066	7	42 353	42 442
1	8	41 275	41 655	54	42 004	42 066	7	42 353	42 442
1	72	18 420	18 815	70	18 434	18 511	19	18 483	18 587
1	0	37 700	38 080	10	38 674	38 736	36	39 103	39 207
2	24	15 220	15 600	63	16 028	16 117	29	16 474	16 536
2	56	40 475	40 855	55	41 563	41 667	54	42 004	42 066
2	48	41 270	41 650	55	41 563	41 667	54	42 004	42 066
2	48	41 270	41 650	7	42 353	42 442	6	42 769	42 846
2	8	41 275	41 655	55	41 563	41 667	54	42 004	42 066
2	8	41 275	41 655	7	42 353	42 442	6	42 769	42 846
2	0	37 700	38 080	7	38 433	38 522	10	38 674	38 736
2	32	40 365	40 760	39	40 778	40 882	38	41 239	41 316
3	64	16 950	17 330	33	17 136	17 264	62	17 154	17 246
3	48	33 970	34 350	49	34 436	34 564	77	34 754	34 846
3	56	40 475	40 855	1	41 486	41 584	54	42 004	42 066
3	48	41 270	41 650	1	41 486	41 584	54	42 004	42 066
3	8	41 275	41 655	1	41 486	41 584	54	42 004	42 066
3	32	33 025	33 405	33	33 431	33 559	2	33 474	33 566
4	56	40 475	40 855	1	41 486	41 584	55	41 563	41 667
4	48	41 270	41 650	1	41 486	41 584	55	41 563	41 667
5	1	41 486	41 584	54	42 004	42 066	7	42 353	42 442
5	33	33 431	33 559	5	34 554	34 616	35	34 983	35 087
6	1	41 486	41 584	55	41 563	41 667	54	42 004	42 066
6	1	41 486	41 584	7	42 353	42 442	6	42 769	42 846