低轨巨型星座网络抗毁性研究进展与展望

doi:10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2025.06.30

Abstract

Abstract:

Low Earth orbit mega-constellation's network invulnerability, as a key indicator for evaluating the performance of the networks, has received extensive attention from domestic and foreign scholars. Taking the invulnerability evaluation methods of low Earth orbit mega-constellation networks as the research object, the basic architecture and characteristics of low Earth orbit mega-constellation networks are introduced, the threat factors of network damage are summarized, and the difficulties faced by invulnerability research under this architecture are analyzed. Based on this, the constellation network invulnerability evaluation methods and optimization strategies are systematically sorted out from three aspects, namely, graph theory, node importance and network performance, with emphasis on analyzing the characteristics of the existing invulnerability evaluation methods and the limitations in the low Earth orbit mega-constellation scenario. Finally, from the perspective of further enhancing the network invulnerability of low Earth orbit mega-constellation and optimizing the evaluation strategy, the possible future research directions are envisioned.

Key words: low Earth orbit mega-constellation, network invulnerability, evaluation methods

CLC Number:

TN927

Huaguo YANG, Quan CHEN, Lei YANG, Zhenglong YIN, Yong ZHAO. Research progress and prospects of invulnerability for low Earth orbit mega-constellation networks[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 47(6): 2025-2035.

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Studies related to network invulnerability optimization"

文献	优化目标	研究方法特点
文献[22]	提高整体网络效率和抗毁性	可优化资源分配, 适应变化的网络需求, 提高整体网络效率, 但计算复杂度随网络规模扩大而增加
文献[50]	提高巨型星座网络抗毁性	消除了由故障导致的拓扑不确定性, 简化了路由问题, 降低了系统开销, 但在复杂故障场景下, 仍可能出现路由循环和拥塞
文献[53]	减少计算时间复杂性, 提高网络抗毁性	收敛速度更快, 全局最优解的搜索能力更强, 但需调整多参数以达到最优解, 对大规模网络计算的耗费高
文献[54]	拓扑管理和动态重构提高卫星网络抗毁性	利用动态拓扑重构提高网络连通性, 但需要额外的计算资源
文献[55]	基于自然连通性和节点度均匀系数的网络抗毁性评估函数	能有效优化网络拓扑结构且避免关键节点和链路的失效, 但在处理大规模网络时计算复杂度高, 且结果依赖于参数选择
文献[56]	构建具有最大代数连通性的网络拓扑以提高网络抗毁性	可适用于分布式网络引导和重构的算法, 降低问题的复杂性, 但对巨型星座网络而言, 可能存在对计算资源需求高和实时性不够强的问题
文献[57]	在覆盖重数、建链数量等约束条件下最优化网络抗毁性	从节点和链路两方面对卫星网络抗毁性进行了优化设计, 但对巨型星座网络而言, 在实时性及资源消耗方面存在挑战
文献[58]	在平衡路由开销和时延的前提下提高网络抗毁性	计算开销较低, 可扩展性强, 适用于巨型星座, 但星座规模的扩大会增加计算开销且对于非规则的星座结构算法需要改进
文献[59]	提出新的拓扑控制策略和生存性路由协议，以提高网络抗毁性	提供了一种结合集中式和分布式策略的生存性路由协议, 增强了网络抗毁性; 协议具有较低的通信开销, 但分布式路由计算会在网络中引入额外的延迟

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评估方法	典型指标	适用性
基于图论的抗毁性评估方法	连通度、坚韧度、完整度、粘连度、代数连通度等	依赖成熟的数学理论和经典算法, 侧重于网络的拓扑结构, 可在总体上分析出网络全局大概的抗毁能力, 适用于对网络整体结构的抗毁性进行评估, 特别是在不考虑节点或边的权重的情况下
基于节点重要性的抗毁性评估方法	度中心性、k-壳分解、接近中心性、节点收缩法等	有明确的节点重要性指标, 可识别出对网络稳定性和连通性最重要的节点, 以更好地适应节点动态变化的网络, 适用于需要识别特定攻击目标或关键资源保护的场景
基于网络性能的抗毁性评估方法	时延、容量、丢包率、跳数、网络连通度等	通过性能指标的变化直接反映网络在遭受攻击或故障后性能下降的情况, 实时性强, 适用于对网络服务质量和性能要求较高的场景

文献	网络抗毁性评估指标/方法	低轨巨型星座网络场景下的局限性
文献[23-26]	连通度、坚韧度、完整度、粘连度、代数连通度	未考虑内部节点和边的影响因素, 难以准确衡量整个网络的抗毁性; 网络规模较大时, 难以求得解析解, 且计算复杂度高
文献[30]	跳面节点法	忽略了跳面间节点和链路的影响因素, 评估模型不够严谨
文献[31]	最短路径数法	主要针对非赋权无向网络, 且最短路径数法的归一化度量值缺乏合理性, 不适用于巨型星座网络
文献[32]	自然连通度	巨型星座节点链路冗余度高, 可实现全球多重覆盖, 可能存在部分节点失效后自然连通度明显下降而网络性能下降不明显的情况
文献[33]	韧性度	需要针对不同网络的移动和切换过程建模, 模型不具备普遍适用性
文献[34]	网络最小跳路径数	选用节点及链路的介数值来衡量其重要性, 对于巨型星座网络而言, 计算和时间复杂度高, 且难以识别重要节点

文献	节点重要性评估方法	网络抗毁性评估指标	低轨巨型星座网络场景下的局限性
文献[40]	基于相对节点度和相对节点介数评估节点重要性	攻击前后全网效能下降到初始值的比值	计算复杂度太高
文献[41]	基于介数中心性评估节点重要性	卫星节点介数中心性的平衡程度	巨型星座网络拓扑对称, 所有节点具有相似的介数中心性, 且介数中心性算法计算复杂度高
文献[42]	基于所提广义力学模型评估节点重要性	攻击前后网络的连通性变化	巨型星座网络具有大尺度空间特性, 难以计算基于全局状态的中心性指标, 且计算复杂度很高
文献[43]	比较依次移除单个节点后对整个网络的影响程度, 以评估节点重要性	攻击前后网络效率的变化	移除单个节点计算耗费较高, 且单个节点影响力有限
文献[44]	依次删除网络中的节点，比较删除前后网络结构和效率的变化, 以评估节点重要性	攻击前后网络结构熵的变化	巨型星座网络拓扑结构动态性强, 且节点数量庞大, 网络计算耗费大
文献[45]	基于构建链接概率矩阵的互信息法, 以评估节点重要性	卫星节点重要性的平衡程度	巨型星座网络中互信息法计算耗时长, 且不足以反映单个节点在整个网络中的全局作用

文献	评估指标/方法	研究对象规模
文献[19]	毁伤前后丢包率和时延的变化	1 152颗巨型星座网络
文献[46]	毁伤前后无拥塞卫星比例和丢包率的变化	“铱星”66颗卫星星座网络和180颗卫星星座网络
文献[47]	毁伤导致的级联故障(故障节点数、平均故障次数、网络中断总数)	NeLS 120颗卫星星座网络和650颗巨型星座网络
文献[48]	毁伤前后地面站对端到端平均延迟和网络传输容量的变化	Starlink 1 584颗巨型星座网络和Kuiper 1 156颗巨型星座网络
文献[49]	毁伤前后网络连通度、平均延迟和平均跳数的变化	3种规模的巨型星座网络: 72×22、144×44和216×66
文献[50]	毁伤前后网络可达性、路由恢复时间、路径延迟、星座吞吐量和系统开销的变化	Starlink 1 584颗巨型星座网络和Kuiper 1 156颗巨型星座网络
文献[51]	区域流量容量、服务可用性、用户平面延迟、切换失败率等关键性能指标	1 800颗巨型星座网络

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Research progress and prospects of invulnerability for low Earth orbit mega-constellation networks

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