基于L1 & TV正则化的低过采样Staggered SAR成像方法

doi:10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2023.09.09

Abstract

Abstract:

High-resolution and wide-swath (HRWS) imaging is an important trend in the development of spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Staggered SAR distributes the blind areas into the whole imaging range by using the variable pulse repetition frequency (PRF), which can widen the swath to several times the size of the traditional system. Aiming at the problems of nonuniform sampling and echo data loss in variable PRF mode, a low oversampling staggered SAR imaging method based on L₁ & TV regularization is proposed. The proposed method can suppress the azimuth ambiguities without recovering the lost data, and introduce TV regularization term into the sparse reconstruction model to achieve the accurate reconstruction of distributed targets. Simulation and real data experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Key words: synthetic aperture radar (SAR), staggered mode, nonuniform sampling, sparse signal processing, L₁ & TV regularization

CLC Number:

TN95

Mingqian LIU, Zhongqiu XU, Tiancheng CHEN, Bingchen ZHANG, Yirong WU. Low oversampling Staggered SAR imaging method based on L₁ & TV regularization[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45(9): 2718-2726.

Figures/Tables 11

Table 1

Table 2

Fig.1

Fig.2

Table 3

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table 4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Table 5

References 30

1	KRIEGER G , MOREIRA A . Spaceborne bi-and multistatic SAR: potential and challenges[J]. IET Proceedings Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 2006, 153 (3): 184- 198. doi: 10.1049/ip-rsn:20045111
2	CURRIE A , BROWN M A . Wide-swath SAR[J]. Radar & Signal Processing IEE Proceedings F, 1992, 139 (2): 122- 135.
3	SIKANETA I , GIERULL C H , CERUTTI-MAORI D . Optimum signal processing for multichannel SAR: with application to high-resolution wide-swath imaging[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geo-science and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52 (10): 6095- 6109. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2294940
4	KRIEGER G , GEBERT N , MOREIRA A . Unambiguous SAR signal reconstruction from nonuniform displaced phase center sampling[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2004, 1 (4): 260- 264. doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2004.832700
5	KRIEGER G . MIMO-SAR: opportunities and pitfalls[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52 (5): 2628- 2645. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2263934
6	YOUNIS M , FISCHER C , WIESBECK W . Digital beamforming in SAR systems[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2003, 41 (7): 1735- 1739. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2003.815662
7	GEBERT N, KRIEGER G. Ultra-wide swath SAR imaging with continuous PRF variation[C]//Proc. of the 8th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 2010.
8	VILLANO M, KRIEGER G, MOREIRA A. Staggered-SAR for high-resolution wide-swath imaging[C]//Proc. of the IET International Conference on Radar Systems, 2012.
9	VILLANO M, KRIEGER G. Staggered SAR: from concept to experiments with real data[C]//Proc. of the 10th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, 2014.
10	VILLANO M , KRIEGER G , MOREIRA A . Onboard processing for data volume reduction in high-resolution wide-swath SAR[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2016, 13 (8): 1173- 1177. doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2016.2574886
11	HUBER S , DE-ALMEIDA F Q , VILLANO M , et al. Tandem-L: a technical perspective on future spaceborne SAR sensors for earth observation[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2018, 56 (8): 4792- 4807. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2018.2837673
12	VILLANO M , KRIEGER G , MOREIRA A . Staggered SAR: high-resolution wide-swath imaging by continuous PRI variation[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52 (7): 4462- 4479. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2282192
13	PINHEIRO M , PRATS-IRAOLA P , RODRIGUEZ-CASSOLA M , et al. Analysis of low-oversampled staggered SAR data[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2020, 13, 241- 255. doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2019.2959092
14	ZHOU Z X , DENG Y K , WANG W , et al. Linear Bayesian approaches for low-oversampled stepwise staggered SAR data[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2021, 60, 5206123.
15	WANG X Y , WANG R , DENG Y K , et al. SAR signal reco-very and reconstruction in staggered mode with low oversampling factors[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2018, 15 (5): 704- 708. doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2018.2805311
16	STOICA P , LI J , HE H . Spectral analysis of nonuniformly sampled data: a new approach versus the periodogram[J]. IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing, 2008, 57 (3): 843- 858.
17	YARDIBI T , LI J , STOICA P , et al. Source localization and sensing: a nonparametric iterative adaptive approach based on weighted least squares[J]. IEEE Trans.on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2010, 46 (1): 425- 443. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2010.5417172
18	ZHANG B C , HONG W , WU Y R . Sparse microwave imaging: principles and applications[J]. Science China (Information Sciences), 2012, 55 (8): 1722- 1754. doi: 10.1007/s11432-012-4633-4
19	CETIN M , STOJANOVIC I , ONHON N O , et al. Sparsity-driven synthetic aperture radar imaging: reconstruction, autofocusing, moving targets, and compressed sensing[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2014, 31 (4): 27- 40. doi: 10.1109/MSP.2014.2312834
20	吴一戎, 洪文, 张冰尘. 稀疏微波成像导论[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2018.
	WU Y R , HONG W , ZHANG B C . Introduction to sparse microwave imaging[M]. Beijing: China Science Publishing & Media Ltd., 2018.
21	FANG J , XU Z B , ZHANG B C , et al. Fast compressed sensing SAR imaging based on approximated observation[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2014, 7 (1): 352- 363. doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2013.2263309
22	XU Z Q , LIU M Q , ZHOU G R , et al. An accurate sparse SAR imaging method for enhancing region-based features via nonconvex & TV regularization[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2021, 14, 20322543.
23	徐志林, 魏中浩, 吴辰阳, 等. 基于l₁正则化的多通道滑动聚束SAR成像[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2019, 41 (2): 304- 310.
	XU Z L , WEI Z H , WU C Y , et al. Multichannel sliding spotlight SAR imaging based on l₁ regularization[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2019, 41 (2): 304- 310.
24	BI H , ZHANG B C , ZHU X X , et al. Extended chirp scaling-baseband azimuth scaling-based azimuth-range decouple L₁ re-gularization for TOPS SAR imaging via CAMP[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2017, 55 (7): 3748- 3763. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2679129
25	QUAN X Y , ZHANG B C , ZHU X X , et al. Unambiguous SAR imaging for nonuniform DPC sampling: $\ell_{q}$ regularization method using filter bank[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2016, 13 (11): 1596- 1600. doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2016.2596902
26	YANG X Y , LI G , SUN J P , et al. High-resolution and wide-swath SAR imaging via Poisson disk sampling and iterative shrinkage thresholding[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2019, 57 (7): 4692- 4704. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2019.2892471
27	CHAMBOLLE A. Total variation minimization and a class of binary MRF models[C]//Proc. of the International Workshop on Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005: 136-152.
28	CHAMBOLLE A . An algorithm for total variation minimization and applications[J]. Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, 2004, 20 (1/2): 89- 97. doi: 10.1023/B:JMIV.0000011321.19549.88
29	RANEY R K , RUNGE H , BAMLER R , et al. Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1994, 32 (4): 786- 799. doi: 10.1109/36.298008
30	FREEMAN A . SAR calibration: an overview[J]. IEEE Trans.on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1992, 30 (6): 1107- 1121. doi: 10.1109/36.193786

参数	参数值
轨道高度/km	760
平台速度/(m/s)	7 473
中心频率/GHz	10
斜距范围/km	868~1 097
发射信号带宽/MHz	20
多普勒带宽/Hz	1 440
方位向过采样率	1.1
最大的PRI/s	1/1 487
最小的PRI/s	1/1 714

评价指标	算法
评价指标	CSA	BLU	L₁
ISLR	-7.14	-7.73	-16.88
AASR	-17.85	-18.03	-22.16

参数	参数值
平台速度/(m/s)	7 538.340 124
波长/m	0.055 517
采样率/MHz	66.67
信号带宽/MHz	60
脉冲持续时间/μs	45
脉冲重复频率/Hz	1 149.45

算法	区域
算法	区域1	区域2	区域3
CSA	0.979 8	0.980 3	0.978 6
L₁ & TV	6.453 5	6.461 2	6.447 8

[1]	Zhongbao WANG, Kuiying YIN. Block effect suppression method of UAV-borne SAR image based on joint domain filtering [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45(9): 2768-2776.
[2]	Ning WANG, Pengchao HE, Jingyue LU, Xi LIU. DOA estimation based imaging method for multi-channel forward-looking SAR [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45(8): 2471-2478.
[3]	Pengfei WANG, Hengyi ZHAN, Hongzhong SUN. Two-dimensional spatial-variant compensation frequency domain imaging method for bistatic forward-looking radar [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45(7): 1990-2001.
[4]	Junpeng WANG, Shiqi XING, Yongzhen LI, Datong HUANG, Shaoqiu SONG. FMCW SAR jamming method research based on time-frequency cross [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45(6): 1651-1657.
[5]	Dongdong ZHANG, Chunping WANG, Qiang FU. Ship target detection in SAR image based on feature-enhanced network [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45(4): 1032-1039.
[6]	Xianghai LI, Zhiwei YANG, Shun HE, Guisheng LIAO, Chaolei HAN, Yan JIANG. Method for SAR-GMTI moving target radial velocity estimation and relocation based on road network information assistance in multi-satellite formation system [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45(3): 629-637.
[7]	Tian MIAO, Hongcheng ZENG, He WANG, Jie CHEN. A fast extraction method of flood areas based on iterative threshold segmentation using spaceborne SAR data [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(9): 2760-2768.
[8]	Caiyun WANG, Yida WU, Jianing WANG, Lu MA, Huanyue ZHAO. SAR image target recognition based on combinatorial optimization convolutional neural network [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(8): 2483-2487.
[9]	Dongning FU, Guisheng LIAO, Yan HUANG, Bangjie ZHANG, Xing WANG. Time-varying narrow-band interference suppression algorithm for SAR based on graph Laplacian embedding [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(6): 1846-1853.
[10]	Minghui GAI, Su ZHANG, Weitian SUN, Yude NI, Lei YANG. Structural-feature enhancement of SAR targets based on complex value compatible total variation [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(6): 1862-1872.
[11]	Penghui JI, Dahai DAI, Shiqi XING, Dejun FENG. Dense false moving targets generation method [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(5): 1502-1511.
[12]	Dong CHEN, Yanwei JU. Ship object detection SAR images based on semantic segmentation [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(4): 1195-1201.
[13]	Lei YANG, Su ZHANG, Minghui GAI, Cheng FANG. High-resolution SAR imagery with enhancement of directional structure feature [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(3): 808-818.
[14]	Junjie WANG, Dejun FENG, Weidong HU. Two-dimensional SAR image modulation method based on time-varying materials [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(2): 455-462.
[15]	Cheng FANG, Huijuan LI, Wen LU, Yumeng SONG, Lei YANG. Multi-feature enhancement algorithm for high resolution SAR based on morphological auto-blocking [J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2022, 44(2): 470-479.

Low oversampling Staggered SAR imaging method based on L₁ & TV regularization

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 11

References 30

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

输入二维回波数据Y, 场景的稀疏度K, 迭代步长参数δ, 最大迭代步数k_max, 误差参数ε, 拉格朗日乘子ξ₁, ξ₂, 图像大小N, 噪声方差σ
初始化 X⁽⁰⁾=0, k=0, dp=(0, 0), z₁⁽⁰⁾=0, z₂⁽⁰⁾=0
迭代 while k < k_max & & Res>ε
1. $\begin{aligned} {\boldsymbol{X}}^{(k+1)}=\left[\mathcal{R}(\mathcal{M}({\boldsymbol{I}}))+\left(\xi_1+\xi_2\right) {\boldsymbol{I}}\right]^{-1}\left[\mathcal{R}\left({\boldsymbol{B}}^* \odot {\boldsymbol{Y}}\right)+\right. \\ \left.\xi_1 {\boldsymbol{z}}_1^{(k)}+{\xi}_2 {\boldsymbol{z}}_2^{(k)}\right]\end{aligned}$
2. λ₁^{(k + 1)}=2ξ₁(\|X^{(k + 1)}\|_{K + 1})
3. ${\boldsymbol{z}}_1^{(k+1)}=\rm{sign}\left({\boldsymbol{X}}^{(k+1)}\right) \cdot \max \left(0, \left\|{\boldsymbol{X}}^{(k+1)}\right\|-\frac{\lambda_1^{(k+1)}}{2 {\xi}_1}\right)$
4. $\lambda_2^{(k+1)}=\lambda_2^{(k)} \frac{N_\sigma}{\left\\|{\boldsymbol{z}}_2^{(k)}-{\boldsymbol{X}}^{(k+1)}\;\right\\|_2}$
5. $\lambda_{\mathrm{TV}}=\frac{\lambda_2^{(k+1)}}{2 \xi_2}$
6. $\begin{array}{l} {\rm{dp}}_{i, j}^{(k+1)}= \\ \frac{\mathrm{dp}_{i, j}^{(k)}+\delta\left(\nabla\left({\rm{divdp}}^{(k)}-\left\|{\boldsymbol{x}}^{(k+1)}\right\| / \lambda_{\mathrm{TV}}\right)\right)_{i, j}}{\max \left\{\left\|{\rm{dp}}_{i, j}^{(k)}+\delta\left(\nabla\left({\rm{divdp}}^{(k)}-\left\|{\boldsymbol{x}}^{(k+1)}\;\right\| / \lambda_{\mathrm{TV}}\right)\right)_{i, j}\;\right\|, 1\right\}} \end{array}$
7. z₂^{(k + 1)}=sign(X^{(k + 1)})(\|X^{(k + 1)}\|-λ_TVdiv(dp^{(k + 1)}))
8. Res=‖X^(k+1)－X^(k)‖₂/‖X^(k)‖₂
9. k=k+1
end while
输出重构后的图像X^(k)

Low oversampling Staggered SAR imaging method based on L1 & TV regularization

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 11

References 30

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

Low oversampling Staggered SAR imaging method based on L₁ & TV regularization