圆迹合成孔径雷达成像技术综述

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-506X.2020.12.07

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

圆迹合成孔径雷达(circular synthetic aperture radar, CSAR)由于具有亚波长量级的平面分辨率、三维成像潜力以及全方位观测能力等条带合成孔径雷达不可比拟的优势,在遥感测绘、灾害监测与评估、森林作物资源管理、战场目标侦察等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文首先给出了CSAR的信号模型,并分析了其成像特点,然后较为全面地分别对国外和国内CSAR系统和试验的研究进展进行了综述,接着通过对CSAR成像算法、运动补偿、三维成像等成像技术现状的详细分析,总结归纳了CSAR成像技术当前仍然存在的问题,最后对CSAR成像技术进行了总结,并对CSAR未来发展进行了展望。

关键词: 合成孔径雷达, 圆迹合成孔径雷达, 运动补偿, 三维成像

Abstract:

Circular synthetic aperture radar (CSAR) is widely used in remote sensing mapping, disaster monitoring and assessment, forest crop resource management, and battlefield target reconnaissance because of the strip-map synthetic aperture radar incomparable advantages such as sub-wavelength plane resolution, three-dimensional imaging potential, and omnidirectional observation capability. First, the signal models of CSAR is given and its imaging characteristics are ananlyzed. Then, the research progress of foreign and domestic CSAR systems and experiments is reviewed in a more comprehensive way. Subsequently, through the detailed analysis of the current status of imaging techniques such as CSAR imaging algorithms, motion compensation, and three-dimensional imaging, the problems still existing in CSAR imaging technology are summarized. Finally, the CSAR imaging technology is summarized and the future development of CSAR is prospected.

Key words: synthetic aperture radar (SAR), circular SAR (CSAR), motion compensation, three-dimensional imaging

中图分类号:

TN957

张健丰, 付耀文, 张文鹏, 杨威, 黎涛. 圆迹合成孔径雷达成像技术综述[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2020, 42(12): 2716-2734.

Jianfeng ZHANG, Yaowen FU, Wenpeng ZHANG, Wei YANG, Tao LI. Review of CSAR imaging techniques[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2020, 42(12): 2716-2734.

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时间/年	研究单位	研究内容	研究结果
1996	美国纽约州立大学	CSAR成像模式初步探索	CSAR成像回波信号模型
1998	美国华盛顿大学	CSAR分辨率分析	CSAR具有三维高分辨成像潜力
2001	美国佐治亚理工学院雷达研究所	E-CSAR成像系统转台实验	验证了CSAR成像原理
2004	瑞典国防研究局	VHF波段CARABAS-II雷达系统CSAR机载实验	CSAR可提高对地面目标的检测性能
2006	AFRL	X波段全极化多航过CSAR机载试验	CSAR具有高分辨成像、目标检测潜力
2006	ONERA	X波段机载CSAR试验	验证了CSAR成像可行性
2007	ONERA	多波段猎鹰-20机载CSAR试验	得到了数字高程模型, CSAR具有地形测绘潜力
2008	DLR	E-SAR系统L波段全极化机载CSAR试验	CSAR比条带SAR能获取更多的目标散射信息
2010	瑞典国防研究局	VHF-UHF波段LORA系统机载CSAR实验	证实了CSAR的高检测性能
2012	DLR	P波段、L波段全极化CSAR全息成像机载试验	验证了CSAR三维成像可行性
2013	AFRL	机载CSAR大场景成像实验	获得了尺寸为6 km×6 km的CSAR图像
2013	ONERA	步进频X波段RAMSES-NG系统机载CSAR试验	得到了飞机、汽车和卡车等目标的高分辨率图像
2014	DLR	多输入多输出CSAR成像理论	多输入多输出CSAR有利于大场景高分辨成像
2015	土耳其Mersin大学	宽域CSAR成像实验	CSAR三维成像过程中,目标与成像平面若不处于同一高度,将出现散焦
2017	ONERA	2 GHz信号带宽下的机载CSAR试验	获得了大带宽下的高分辨CSAR图像
2018	德国Ulm大学	多旋翼无人机载CSAR实验	验证了多旋翼无人机载CSAR成像的可行性
2019	德国Fraunhofer研究所	W波机载FMCW CSAR成像试验	W波段机载CSAR在对地高分辨观测中具有巨大潜力

时间/年	研究单位	研究内容	研究结果
2006	北京航空航天大学	不同曲线合成孔径下的成像仿真实验	圆形轨迹SAR具有更好的成像效果
2007-2010	IECAS	CSAR成像性能分析;三维成像能力研究;微波暗室内转台CSAR实验	星载平台、临近空间平台和机载平台等是实现CSAR的方向;初步验证了CSAR的实际可行性
2011	IECAS	全极化P波段CSAR机载试验	CSAR比条带SAR能获取更精细的目标信息
2014	IECAS	CSAR数据中提取建筑物轮廓信息以及估计建筑物所处地面高度的实验	得到了目标建筑物的轮廓信息,并将该成像平面高度确定为目标建筑物的地面高度
2015	NUDT	Ku波段Mini-SAR轻型固定翼机载CSAR试验; P波段超宽带多基线CSAR机载实验	得到了固定翼无人机载CSAR高分辨图像;获取了多条轨迹CSAR数据
2017	CETC No.38	线极化P波段机载CSAR试验CSAR三维图像重构实验	CSAR比条带SAR在目标检测、识别、分类等方面更具优势目标车辆轮廓信息清晰,车辆尺寸估计精度较高
2018	西安电子科技大学	CSAR数据场景目标数字高程模型提取实验	CSAR能较精确地提取出观测场景中目标的数字高程模型
2018-2019	NUDT	CSAR相干和非相干成像性能分析;毫米波FMCW CSAR成像性能分析;	对于非各向同性目标,非相干成像可获取质量更好的图像; FMCW CSAR脉内平台连续运动会影响成像质量
2019	IECAS	CSAR系统理论研究	得到了CSAR系统参数设计、成像区域选择以及方位模糊计算准则
2020	电子科技大学	CSAR运动误差补偿技术研究	能补偿二维空变性的CSAR运动误差

算法名称	优点	缺点
CSAR/FMCW CSAR BP算法	精度高、不受SAR运动轨迹限制、过程简单	计算量大、效率低
CSAR FFBP算法	成像效率比BP高	高波段内效率不能显著提高、插值误差
波前重构CSAR算法	效率较高	数据利用率低、成像场景较小、插值误差
NUFFT改进型波前重构CSAR算法	数据利用率较高、插值误差较小	主瓣展宽、旁瓣较高
改进型L_P范数图像特征增强CSAR算法	有效降低旁瓣	主瓣展宽
子孔径CSAR频域算法	效率较高、成像场景较大	子场景图像精细拼接难度大、近似处理多误差大、高频段效率降低误差增大、可能损失目标散射信息

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