基于级联角度的AIRS辅助大规模MIMO系统波束跟踪方案

doi:10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2024.07.34

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

智能反射表面(intelligent reflecting surface, IRS)可以通过提供额外的视线(line of sight, LoS)路径补偿传播损耗或解决阻塞问题, 有效地提高毫米波(millimeter wave, mmWave)通信系统的性能, 被认为是下一代移动通信的核心技术。与传统的地面IRS相比, 部署在无人机、热气球等空中平台上的空中IRS (aerial IRS, AIRS)结合了空中平台的高移动特性/旋转特性和IRS提供的优质链路特性, 可以提供更广阔的信号覆盖范围。考虑到现实场景中用户的移动性, 通信系统有必要实时调整波束成形以使波束对准移动用户。然而, AIRS不具备有源射频链, 难以在AIRS处获取离开角和到达角, 增加了波束跟踪的复杂性。针对这一问题, 建立了具有时变信道的AIRS辅助mmWave大规模多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output, MIMO)系统模型, 结合基站端有源波束成形、AIRS的旋转角度和无源波束成形设计, 提出了一种基于级联角度的无迹卡尔曼滤波波束跟踪方案。仿真结果表明, 提出的方案具有较高的跟踪精度, 同时AIRS的旋转特性对提升系统可达速率起着重要作用。

关键词: 空中智能反射面, 波束成形, 波束跟踪, 大规模多输入多输出, 毫米波

Abstract:

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is considered the core technology of the next generation of mobile communications, which can effectively improve the performance of millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems by providing additional line of sight (LoS) path to compensate propagation losses or solve blocking problems. Aerial IRS (AIRS) deployed on aerial platforms such as drones and hot air balloons combine the high mobility/rotation characteristics of aerial platforms with the quality link characteristics provided by IRS to provide wider signal coverage than traditional ground IRS. Considering the mobility of users in the real world, it is necessary for the communication system to adjust the beamforming in real time to align the beamforming to the mobile users. However, since AIRS do not have active radio frequency chains, it is difficult to obtain angle of departure and angle of arrival at AIRS, and its deployment significantly increases the complexity of beam tracking. To solve this problem, a AIRS assisted mmWave multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system model with time-varying channels is established. Combining active beamforming at the base station, AIRS rotation angle and passive beamforming design, a cascade angle untracked Kalman filter beam tracking scheme is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has high tracking accuracy, and AIRS rotation characteristics play an important role in improving the system reachable speed.

Key words: aerial intelligent reflecting surface (AIRS), beam forming, beam tracking, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), millimeter wave (mmWave)

中图分类号:

TN929.5

马露洁, 梁彦, 李飞. 基于级联角度的AIRS辅助大规模MIMO系统波束跟踪方案[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2024, 46(7): 2515-2524.

Lujie MA, Yan LIANG, Fei LI. Cascaded angle-based AIRS aided beam tracking scheme for massive MIMO system[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2024, 46(7): 2515-2524.

图/表 11

图1

图2

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

参考文献 32

1	MAHBUB M, SHUBAIR R M. Energy efficient maximization of user association employing IRS in mmWave multi-tier 6G networks[C]//Proc.of the IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking, 2022: 25-30.
2	PAN C H , ZHOU G , ZHI K D , et al. An overview of signal processing techniques for RIS/IRS-aided wireless systems[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 2022, 16 (5): 883- 917. doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2022.3195671
3	BOCCARDI F , HEATH R W , LOZANO A , et al. Five disruptive technology directions for 5G[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2014, 52 (2): 74- 80. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736746
4	RAMAMOORTHI Y , KUMAR A . Dynamic time division duplexing for downlink/uplink decoupled millimeter wave-based cellular networks[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2019, 23 (8): 1441- 1445. doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2019.2920641
5	LU L , LI G Y , SWINDLEHURST A L , et al. An overview of massive MIMO: benefits and challenges[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 2014, 8 (5): 742- 758. doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2014.2317671
6	SOHRABI F , YU W . Hybrid digital and analog beamforming design for large-scale antenna arrays[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 2016, 10 (3): 501- 513. doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2016.2520912
7	AKDENIZ M R , LIU Y , SAMIMI M K , et al. Millimeter wave channel modeling and cellular capacity evaluation[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2014, 32 (6): 1164- 1179. doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2014.2328154
8	LU H Q, ZENG Y, JIN S, et al. Enabling panoramic full-angle reflection via aerial intelligent reflecting surface[C]//Proc.of the IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, 2020.
9	Al-HOURANI A , KANDEEPAN S , LARDNER S . Optimal LAP altitude for maximum coverage[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 2014, 3 (6): 569- 572. doi: 10.1109/LWC.2014.2342736
10	ALFATTANI S , JAAFAR W , HMAMOUCHE Y , et al. Aerial platforms with reconfigurable smart surfaces for 5G and beyond[J]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2021, 59 (1): 96- 102. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.001.2000350
11	NGUYEN M H T , GARCIA-PALACIOS E , DO-DUY T , et al. UAV-aided aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface communications with massive MIMO system[J]. IEEE Trans. on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 2022, 8 (4): 1828- 1838. doi: 10.1109/TCCN.2022.3187098
12	LU H Q , ZENG Y , JIN S , et al. Aerial intelligent reflecting surface: joint placement and passive beamforming design with 3D beam flattening[J]. IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, 2021, 20 (7): 4128- 4143. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2021.3056154
13	CHENG Y J , PENG W , HUANG C W , et al. RIS-aided wireless communications: extra degrees of freedom via rotation and location optimization[J]. IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, 2022, 21 (8): 6656- 6671. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2022.3151702
14	CHENG X , LIN Y , SHI W P , et al. Joint optimization for RIS-assisted wireless communications: from physical and electromagnetic perspectives[J]. IEEE Trans. on Communications, 2021, 70 (1): 606- 620.
15	CUI Z Z , GUAN K , ZHANG J K , et al. SNR coverage probability analysis of RIS-aided communication systems[J]. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 2021, 70 (4): 3914- 3919. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2021.3063408
16	ELBAMBY M S , PERFECTO C , BENNIS M , et al. Toward low-latency and ultra-reliable virtual reality[J]. IEEE Network, 2018, 32 (2): 78- 84. doi: 10.1109/MNET.2018.1700268
17	HUR S , KIM T , LOVE D J , et al. Millimeter wave beamforming for wireless backhaul and access in small cell networks[J]. IEEE Trans. on communications, 2013, 61 (10): 4391- 4403. doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2013.090513.120848
18	ZHU D L , CHOI J , CHENG Q , et al. High-resolution angle tracking for mobile wideband millimeter-wave systems with antenna array calibration[J]. IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, 2018, 17 (11): 7173- 7189. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2018.2865759
19	NOH S , ZOLTOWSKI M D , LOVE D J . Multi-resolution codebook and adaptive beamforming sequence design for millimeter wave beam alignment[J]. IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, 2017, 16 (9): 5689- 5701. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2713357
20	VA V, VIKALO H, HEATH R W. Beam tracking for mobile millimeter wave communication systems[C]//Proc.of the IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing, 2016: 743-747.
21	ZHAO J W , GAO F F , JIA W M , et al. Angle domain hybrid precoding and channel tracking for millimeter wave massive MIMO systems[J]. IEEE Trans. on Wireless Communications, 2017, 16 (10): 6868- 6880. doi: 10.1109/TWC.2017.2732405
22	张俊杰, 仲伟志, 张璐璐, 等. 基于IUPF算法的三维无人机毫米波波束跟踪[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2023, 45 (1): 257- 263. doi: 10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2023.01.30
	ZHANG J J , ZHONG W Z , ZHANG L L , et al. 3D UAV millimeter-wave beam tracking based on IUPF algorithm[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2023, 45 (1): 257- 263. doi: 10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2023.01.30
23	李鹏辉, 仲伟志, 张璐璐, 等. 基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的无人机毫米波波束跟踪算法[J]. 数据采集与处理, 2021, 36 (6): 1117- 1124.
	LI P H , ZHONG W Z , ZHANG L L , et al. Millimeter wave beam tracking algorithm of UAV based on untracked Kalman filter[J]. Journal of Data Acquisition and Processing, 2021, 36 (6): 1117- 1124.
24	LIU G L, ZHOU F Q, YU P. Beam tracking based on unscented Kalman filter theory in millimeter wave communication systems for IoT[C]//Proc.of the International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2020: 499-504.
25	ZHANG Y , ZHANG J Y , DI RENZO M , et al. Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with outdated channel state information: centralized vs. distributed deployments[J]. IEEE Trans. on Communications, 2022, 70 (4): 2742- 2756. doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2022.3146344
26	ZHANG P , ZHANG J Y , XIAO H H , et al. RIS-aided 6G communication system with accurate traceable user mobility[J]. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 2022, 72 (2): 2718- 2722.
27	KIM Y J, LEE H, CHO Y S. Beam-tracking technique for mmWave cellular systems with intelligent reflective surface[C]//Proc.of the 27th Asia Pacific Conference on Communications, 2022: 327-328.
28	LI H Y, ZHANG Y H, XI J X, et al. 3D beam tracking method based on reconfigurable intelligent surface assistant for blocking channel[C]//Proc.of the 36th Youth Academic Annual Conference of Chinese Association of Automation, 2021: 684-689.
29	ZHOU G , PAN C H , REN H , et al. Channel estimation for RIS-aided multiuser millimeter-wave systems[J]. IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, 2022, 70, 1478- 1492. doi: 10.1109/TSP.2022.3158024
30	MUNTAHA S T, HASSAN N U, NAQVI I H, et al. Aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface: rotate or displace?[C]//Proc.of the IEEE 33rd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2022: 566-571.
31	ZHANG Y W , SHEN K M , REN S Y , et al. Configuring intelligent reflecting surface with performance guarantees: optimal beamforming[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 2022, 16 (5): 967- 979. doi: 10.1109/JSTSP.2022.3176479
32	蒲旭敏, 刘雁翔, 孙致南, 等. 可重构智能表面中的低复杂度毫米波信道追踪算法[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2023, 45 (8): 2911- 2918.
	PU X M , LIU Y X , SUN Z N , et al. A low complexity millimeter wave channel tracking algorithm in reconfigurable intelligent surface[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Techno-logy, 2023, 45 (8): 2911- 2918.

仿真参数	参数值
基站天线数	M=32
AIRS反射单元数	N=100
方位角分量初始角度/(°)	x_a=60
俯仰角分量初始角度/(°)	x_e=60
角度变化方差/(°)²	σ_a²=σ_e²=(0.5)²
时间相关系数	μ=0.995
移相器量化位数	3

[1]	毕权杨, 李旦, 张建秋. 多维阵列张量模型的鲁棒波束成形方法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2024, 46(7): 2175-2183.
[2]	张春杰, 王冠博, 陈奇, 邓志安. 基于纯自注意力机制的毫米波雷达手势识别[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2024, 46(3): 859-867.
[3]	王俊智, 仲伟志, 肖丽君, 王鑫, 朱秋明, 林志鹏. 基于迁移学习的室内波束选择优化方法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2024, 46(3): 1109-1115.
[4]	郑晶月, 吴佩仑, 陈家辉, 郭世盛, 崔国龙. 车载毫米波雷达多径假目标分析与消除方法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2024, 46(1): 88-96.
[5]	李晓辉, 李欢洋, 吕思婷, 石明利. 毫米波通感一体化中的混合波束赋形算法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2023, 45(5): 1512-1517.
[6]	张俊杰, 仲伟志, 张璐璐, 王俊智, 朱秋明. 基于IUPF算法的三维无人机毫米波波束跟踪[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2023, 45(1): 257-263.
[7]	禹永植, 张春红, 郝海. 非完美CSI情况下大规模MIMO系统的下行链路能效优化[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2022, 44(5): 1694-1700.
[8]	陈玉香, 陈胜垚, 冉龙瑶, 席峰. 动态超表面天线阵列混合发射波束成形[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2022, 44(3): 730-736.
[9]	陈凯柏, 高敏, 周晓东, 毕军建, 王毅. 毫米波探测器的超宽带耦合特性[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2022, 44(12): 3641-3651.
[10]	许耀华, 朱成龙, 王翊, 蒋芳, 丁梦琴, 王慧平. 基于神经网络的高并行大规模MIMO信号检测算法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2022, 44(12): 3843-3849.
[11]	万阳良, 梁兴东, 李焱磊. 方位频域滤波的机场毫米波雷达干扰抑制方法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2022, 44(11): 3357-3363.
[12]	李海, 呼延泽, 毛志杰. 强杂波下基于压缩感知的低空风切变速度解模糊[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2022, 44(10): 3029-3036.
[13]	刘紫燕, 马珊珊, 梁静, 朱明成, 袁磊. 注意力机制CNN的毫米波大规模MIMO系统信道估计算法[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2022, 44(1): 307-312.
[14]	顾晨伟, 林志, 林敏, 解路瑶, 欧阳键, 黄硕. 卫星通信下行链路鲁棒安全波束成形设计[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2021, 43(5): 1361-1370.
[15]	李贵勇, 于敏, 余永坤. 大规模MIMO系统中分布式压缩感知LMMSE信道估计[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2021, 43(3): 823-831.