TTNT数据链分层式网络体系及其关键技术分析

doi:10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2025.10.30

Abstract

Abstract:

Aiming at the collaborative combat requirements in the environment of integrated joint operations, this paper analyzes the key technical system and development and application directions of the U.S. military's new-generation data link tactical targeting network technology （TTNT）. By referring to the five-layer transmission control protocol/internet protocol （TCP/IP）, the TTNT data link is deconstructed into a hierarchical network architecture. The key technologies in aspects such as message format, information transmission and communication security are analyzed, and the development status of each technology is summarized. A performance comparison is conducted between TTNT and other data links, including their advantages and disadvantages. The collaborative relationship between TTNT and other data links, as well as future development trends, are summarized, which provides design guidance for the integration of key technologies in the TTNT data link.

Key words: weapon collaboration, operational capability, tactical targeting network technology（TTNT）, layered network system, statistical priority-based multiple access（SPMA）

CLC Number:

Ruilin WANG, Feng HE, Ershuai LI. TTNT data link layered network system and its key technology analysis[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2025, 47(10): 3464-3481.

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Table 1

Main technical indicators of TTNT"

名称	技术指标	指标分析
网络规模	网络可容纳200个节点，可扩展到1000个节点，理论无上限	大规模打击过程中支持管理庞大数量的飞机
入网/离网时间	$ \leqslant $5 s	Ad hoc组网，预先加载密匙，可实现快速网络授权
总传输速率（网络吞吐量）	$ \geqslant $10 Mbps	可在网络利用率极高的情况下实现可靠的消息传输
单平台传输速率（单用户吞吐量）	100 nautical miles（185 km） 2 Mbps　200 nautical miles（370 km） 500 kbps 300 nautical miles（555 km） 220 kbps	速率/编码自适应且吞吐量高，是传统战术数据链的50倍
时延特性	100 nautical miles（185 km） 2 ms　200 nautical miles（370 km）6 ms 300 nautical miles（555 km） 30 ms	高速实时传输，毫秒级时延
工作频段	1755~1850 MHz　1435~1518 MHz　1350~1390 MHz	16个信号跳频点分布在射频L波段内的3个不同频段
双工模式	全双工	适应5G通信的灵活全双工
业务类型	提供服务质量保证机制，分为8个优先级^[14]	加入服务质量（quality of service, QoS）机制来实现差别服务，支持单播、组播、广播服务
接入方式	基于统计优先级的多址接入^[15]	动态环境^[16]下提供持续稳定的网络性能
传输方式	改进的高速切换的全向加定向天线^[17]，跳频跳时波形，脉冲控制，调制编码	空口无线密匙传输，无需物理接触即可更新密匙
管理方式	分布式，实时，无单点故障，扁平网络	各节点之间完全对等，无中心和集中控制单元，不存在层次化关系，节点移动性强
安全性	多级独立安全，抗干扰，低截获概率/低可探测性	抗干扰抗截获能力强，减少自由空间信号特征，支持“静默节点”工作模式
兼容性	与传统的Link16等数据链共存	支持C⁴ISR系统多种战术应用
灵活性	高动态，自组织，可扩展，易操作	超视距Ad hoc路由，高速运动平台（支持4800节上仍可实现数据传输）

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名称	消息类别	消息标准
陆军战术数据链-1	B系列	MIL-STD-6013
战术数字信息链路-1	S系列	STANAG5501
TADIL-C（Link-4A/4C）	V系列、R系列	MIL-STD-6004（STANAG5504）
TADIL-A（Link-11）	M系列	MIL-STD-6011B（STANAG5511）
TADIL-B（Link-11B）	M系列	MIL-STD-6011B（STANAG5511）
TADIL-J（Link-16）	J系列	MIL-STD-6016B（STANAG5516）
Link-22	FJ系列、F系列	STANAG5522

改进方法	设计思路	简单说明	涉及层次
文献[35]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	将失序事件认作发生了路由故障，避免进入拥塞控制过程	传输层
文献[36]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	将连续出现的超时重传事件认作发生了路由故障，固定超时重传计时器并避免进入拥塞控制	传输层
文献[37]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	发送端在Normal、Freeze和Probing 3种状态之间转移，避免进入拥塞控制	传输层

改进方法	设计思路	简单说明	涉及层次
Split-TCP^[38]	减少路由失败	将长TCP连接通过路由代理节点划分为若干局部段，通过局部确认提高端到端传输交付率	传输层、网络层
TCP-显式链路失效通知^[39]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	在路由协议的路由失败消息中携带显式链路失败通告消息，反馈给源节点	传输层、网络层
ATCP^[40]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	在传输层和网络层间增加Ad hoc TCP层，监听网际控制报文协议报文和ECN报文来获取网络状态	传输层、网络层
TCP-F^[41]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	在路由协议中引入路由失败通知和路由重建通知两种路由状态，解决拥塞窗口减小的问题	传输层、网络层
TCP-Bus^[42]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	在路由协议中引入路由故障通知和路由重建通知两种路由维护消息，改善TCP的传输质量	传输层、网络层
TCP网络编码^[43]	区分路由失败与拥塞丢包	在传输层和网络层间增加网络编码层，对原始数据包进行编译码，避免进入拥塞控制	传输层、网络层

按需路由协议	路由度量	整体复杂性	开销	多径支持	路由重置方法	存放位置
AODV	最短路径	中	低	否	删除路由通知源端	路由表
DSR	最短路径	中	中	是	删除路由通知源端	路由缓存
TORA	最短路径	高	中	是	链路反向路由修复	路由表
ABR	相关度和最短路径	高	高	否	局部广播查询	路由表

工具名称	功能说明
MCS	机动控制系统，形成OPORD
RBECS	产生网络标识、跳频参数、密匙等网络参数
系统配置（版本）	分配IP子网地址、自治域号、电台标识等参数
战术作战中心	指控和态势信息交互中心，生成指挥所路由器和交换机的配置文件
21世纪旅及旅以下战斗指挥系统	SINCGARS规划管理工具，提供实时和近实时作战信息
战术互联网配置/战术互联网设计	基于21世纪旅及旅以下战斗指挥系统的战术互联网配置/设计工具
网络控制站-EPLRS	EPLRS规划管理工具，依据系统配置（版本）和战术互联网配置/战术互联网设计形成管理信息库参数
增强型网络管理器	除不能管理EPLRS原导航和定位功能，可替代原有网络控制站-EPLRS，提高规划效率

TTNT data link layered network system and its key technology analysis

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频段	频率范围/MHz	频率点/MHz	频点数
频段1	1350~1390	1358.166，1371.500，1384.833	3
频段2	1435~1518	1443.166，1456.500，1468.833，1483.166，1496.500，1509.833	6
频段3	1755~1850	1763.166，1776.500，1789.833，1803.166，1815.166，1828.500，1841.833	7

名称	工作频段	传输距离	速率/时延	组网能力	通用能力	带宽能力	抗扰能力	覆盖能力
TTNT （武协类）	L波段	略低于Link16	2 Mbit/s@100 n mile 500 kbit/s@200 n mile 220 kbit/s@300 n mile 毫秒级时延	高速动态无中心全向组网，节点数超200个	军种通用	高速率、低时延	抗干扰	区域视距
IFDL （武协类）	Q波段	16 km	28.8~238 kbit/s 毫秒级时延	点对点，节点最多16个	专型专用	低时延	抗干扰、低截获	局域编队
MADL （武协类）	K波段	不明确	最高不超过500 kbit/s 毫秒级时延	点对点，节点最多25个	军种通用	高速率、低时延	抗干扰、低截获	局域编队
态势感知数据链（态感类）	UHF波段	50 km	16~64 kbit/s 毫秒级时延	自组织网络，通常支持16到 64个节点通信	军种通用	低时延	抗干扰、低截获	局域编队
战术通用数据链（情侦类）	Ku波段	200 km	上行为200 kbit/s 下行为1.544~10.71 Mbit/s	点对点	军种通用	大容量、高速率	抗干扰	区域视距
Link16 （战术类）	L波段	300 n mile （无中继） 1 200 n mile （有中继）	28.8~238 kbit/s 秒级时延	TDMA体制，单网用户容量数百个	全域通用	弱	抗干扰	区域视距

名称	应用场景	优点	缺点
TTNT	海-空-地	速率提升、时延低	隐蔽性差、抗截获能力弱
IFDL	海-空-地	窄波束降低截获概率	速率不足、组网规模小
MADL	空-地	低截获概率、组网规模小	组网规模小
SADL	空-地	支持隐身平台协同作战	通信范围和带宽有限
TCDL	海-空-地	安全性高、低时延	系统复杂、依赖电磁频谱
Link16	海-空-地	覆盖范围大	隐蔽性差、速率不足